How do indwelling medical devices increase infection risk?

Indwelling medical devices increase infection risk primarily by creating a portal for pathogens and facilitating biofilm formation. When a device is inserted into the body, such as a catheter or a central line, it breaks the skin barrier, exposing internal tissues to potential contaminants. This entry point becomes a pathway for bacteria to enter the system.

Furthermore, once a device is in place, microorganisms can adhere to its surface and form a biofilm—a dense cluster of bacteria embedded in a protective matrix. Biofilms make it significantly harder for the immune system and antibiotics to eliminate the bacteria, leading to persistent infections. This aspect of biofilm formation is critical because it not only allows for chronic infections but also increases the risk of more severe complications if the device is not managed properly. Such infections can be especially problematic in nursing homes, where residents may be more vulnerable due to underlying health conditions.

Therefore, the role of indwelling devices in creating both a physical entry point for pathogens and a conducive environment for biofilm development is fundamental to understanding their increased infection risk.