Which type of TB testing can be utilized to detect infection?

The most effective way to detect infection with tuberculosis (TB) is through skin tests and interferon-gamma release tests. These methods assess the body's immune response to specific TB antigens.

The skin test, commonly known as the Mantoux test, involves the intradermal injection of purified protein derivative (PPD). After 48 to 72 hours, the site is examined for induration, which indicates a positive response to the TB antigens if the person has been exposed to the bacteria.

Interferon-gamma release assays (IGRAs) are blood tests that measure the immune system's response to TB proteins. These tests are particularly beneficial because they do not require a follow-up reading, as with the skin test, and they are not affected by prior vaccinations (such as BCG) that may cause false-positive results in skin testing.

In contrast, an X-ray can help visualize lung abnormalities caused by TB but does not directly test for infection. Complete blood counts and urinalysis are not relevant for TB detection, as they do not provide information about the presence of a TB infection. Thus, skin tests and interferon-gamma release tests are the primary methods for detecting TB infection, making this answer the correct choice.